Seismic data recording

ABSTRACT

A seismic survey is conducted by positioning an array of remote acquisition units (RAUs). Each of the RAUs records seismic data derived torn one or more geophones in digital form in local memory. The data is collected by a harvester unit traversed across the survey territory as by an aircraft using point-multipoint communications, and subsequently transferred from the harvester unit to a central control unit.

This invention relates to seismic surveying, and in particular to a method of acquiring seismic data, and to a system for use with such a method.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Conventionally, in land seismic surveys, an array of seismic sensors is positioned to detest acoustic signal reflected from earth formations. The seismic sensors may fee either analogue geophones or digital acceterometers. The signals from these sensors are input to Field Units where, in the case of analogue geophones, the signal is converted to a high-precision digital sample stream, and where with either type of sensor the digital sample stream is transmitted in real-time over a communications network to a Central Unit to be recorded on bulk recording media. The communications network involved in this process may be a cable-based network with repeaters and battery feeds as required; it may be an entirely cable-free network utilizing wireless techniques to transfer the data; or the network may consist of elements of both cabled and wireless technologies.

A number of disadvantages have keen identified with these conventional systems, which has led to the development of a number of land seismic acquisition systems which do not utilize a communications network to transfer the digital sample stream to a Central Unit for recording, but which instead record the data locally in the Field Unit in non-volatile memory. In the normal case, the Field Unit records the data locally for as long as its seismic sensors are required as part of the active sector of the survey. The Field Units are then transported to a Central Unit for connection to a transcription unit and subsequent uploading of the data from the Field Unit to the Central Unit.

The primary advantages proposed for this technique are:

-   -   i. Reduction in manpower requirement as no communications         infrastructure needs to be deployed     -   ii. Increased productivity as acquisition is not delayed by         faults in a communications network

These advantages are mitigated, However, by a number of disadvantages which this invention seeks to address either wholly or in part. These disadvantages are:

-   -   i. The non-volatile memory within the Field Unit must be large         enough to record all trio seismic data acquired while toe Field         Unit is active on a survey, which may be as long as 14 days in a         normal survey, but in exceptional oases may be much longer and         may be indeterminate.     -   ii. It is normally the case that the Field Unit must be         transported to a data transcription system which will be used to         transfer all the acquired seismic data to the Central Data         Recorder.     -   iii. The seismic data acquired during the survey will not be         available for examination until all the Field Units have been         transcribed as described in ii above, which may ha as much as 14         days after the start of the survey, involving substantial risk         that poor quality date may be acquired before there is an         opportunity to detect it.     -   iv. There is a risk that Field Units may malfunction, be stolen,         or be misplaced during the survey involving the loss of all the         data acquired by them.     -   v. Substantial field crew effort is required to transport the         Field Units to the transcription system in a timely manner,         which impacts on the productivity of the survey.     -   vi. Unforeseen circumstances, such as bad weather conditions,         may delay transportation of the Field Units to the transcription         system, causing further delays to the processing of the data.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention, in one aspect, provides a method of uploading seismic data from multiple remote acquisition units positioned across a survey area, each remote acquisition unit storing seismic data from one or more geophones, the method comprising traversing a harvester unit across the survey area, the harvester unit including or being accompanied by a point-multipoint transceiver, and uploading me seismic data from each of the remote acquisition units as the harvester unit passes within range, seismic data passing from more than one remote acquisition unit to the harvester unit simultaneously where necessary.

Preferably, the seismic data stored and transmitted by each of the remote acquisition units includes timestamp information relating to the relevant seismic event. The timestamp information may suitably be derived at the remote acquisition unit from an independent remote source such as GPS or terrestrial radio time signals.

The harvester unit may traverse the survey area in a vehicle such as an aircraft, vessel, ground-effect vehicle, or all-terrain wheeled or tracked vehicle.

Seismic data is preferably compressed by a lossless compression algorithm before being transmitted by the remote acquisition unit.

Preferably, each of the remote acquisition units is programmed to periodically search for the presence of an access point the remote acquisition unit reverting to an energy-saving state in the absence of an access point.

From another aspect the invention provides a method of conducting a seismic survey, comprising positioning an array of remote acquisition units across a survey area, connecting one or more seismic sensors to each of the acquisition units, performing one or more seismic events end storing resetting seismic data from the seismic sensors in the remote acquisition units, end uploading the stored data by the foregoing method.

Preferably, before data is acquired, each of the remote acquisition units is configured with parameters defining working hours and optionally one or more of sample interval, amplifier gain and fitter characteristics.

Each remote acquisition unit may be arranged to transmit to the harvester with only data relating to a start time and number of samples as defined in a signal from the harvester unit to the remote acquisition unit.

Optionally, the harvester unit extracts and transmits a limited data set (such as battery status, sensor status, and position) from each remote acquisition unit for receipt by a central control unit during passage of the harvester unit across the survey area.

The seismic survey method preferably includes the further step of uploading seismic dele from the harvester unit to a central unit, for example by transporting the harvester unit to the central unit and downloading via cable connection, or by downloading from the vehicle remotely to the central unit over a wireless data connection.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a seismic data acquisition system comprising:

-   -   multiple remote acquisition units deployed in an array across a         survey area;     -   each of the remote acquisition units being in communication with         one or more geophones and including storage means for storing         seismic information from said geophone(s) in digital form, and         each of the remote acquisition units including a transceiver         adapted to operate in a point-multipoint wireless system;     -   whereby stored seismic data may be transmitted from the multiple         remote acquisition units to a point-multipoint transceiver of a         harvester unit as the latter is traversed across the survey         area.

The storage means in each of the remote acquisition units is most suitably a non-volatile memory.

Preferably, each of the remote acquisition units is adapted to associate a timestamp with a given set of seismic data, the timestamp being derived from a timing signal resolved by wireless from a central unit or from GPS timing information.

The system typically includes a harvester unit with an associated point-multipoint transceiver in a portable form capable of traversing the survey area.

The harvester unit may be mounted in a vehicle such as helicopter, light aircraft, either manned or remote controlled (UAV). Including microlight and other “experimental” aircraft, un-tethered blimp, either remote controlled or piloted, beat, including air-boats of the type typically used in swamps and marshland, hovercraft, or motor vehicle, including pickup truck, all-terrain vehicles and quads; or in a backpack for pedestrian use.

The invention in another aspect provides harvester unit for use in the above method or system, comprising a ruggedised field portable computer operably coupled with a power source, a bulk storage memory, and point-multipoint communication access point and an antenna, all of the foregoing forming a transportable package suitable for being traversed across a seismic survey terrain.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic overview illustrating one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows one part of FIG. 1 in greater detail;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a harvester unit 28 used in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating the operating method of the embodiment; and

FIG. 5 illustrates a modified embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 1, in carrying out a seismic survey, an array of Field Units or Remote Acquisition Units (hereinafter RAUs) to is arranged across a territory of interest. As seen in FIG. 2, each RAM 10 is connected to one or more geophones 12.

Referring also to FIG. 2, each of the RAUs comprises an analogue-to-digital converter 14 (in the ease of analog geophones), and a memory 16. The AD converter 14 performs a high-precision, 24-bit analogue-to-digital conversion on the sensor signal. The memory 16 is suitably a non-volatile memory such as a hard disc drive or a flash memory. The RAU 10 also comprises a time reference moans 10 which in a preferred form is a GPS receiver capable of deriving an accurate time reference from GPS transmissions; however in principle other sources of time reference may be used, such as an accurate internal clock or a receiver for terrestrial time radio signals. The RAU 10 is self powered by an internal source such as battery 20, and also comprises a transceiver 22 adapted to operate in a point-multipoint system. The wireless transceiver 22 is preferably compliant with the IEEE802.11 family of wireless standards particularly the IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g, IEEE802.11a, and IEEE802.11n standards operating in the 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz frequency bands; however other transceivers such as Ultra Wide Band devices, Bluetooth devices, VHF devices, UHF devices operating in the 900 MHZ, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 60 GHz, 150 MHz-174 MHz, 400 MHz-470 MHz frequency hands, or other frequency hands, whether compliant with standards such as IEEE802.15 or using proprietary protocols may also be used.

Reverting to FIG. 1, the RAUs 10 operate autonomously to acquire and store seismic information which is subsequently captured by a harvester unit 28 which is traversed across the geophone territory, for example in an aircraft 24, all the data thus retrieved being subsequently transferred from the harvester unit 28 to a central unit 26. This process is described in more detail below.

The central unit 26 performs two functions. First, it is used to configure the RAUs 10, as discussed below. Secondly, the central unit 26 uploads the seismic data, processes and merges if with any requisite data from its source control database and generates seismic trace data in an SEG (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) compatible format.

FIG. 3 illustrates the harvester unit 28, which comprises the following components:

-   -   A portable, field-rugged, battery-powered computer 30 loaded         with the required software     -   A high capacity bulk data storage device 32 either incorporated         in the computer 30 or connected to it externally     -   A wireless access point 34 connected to the computer and         compatible wild the wireless transceivers 22 incorporated into         the RAUs. This should preferably communicate with the computer         30 using one of the following methods: wired Ethernet; USB;         wireless, where the computer has a compatible wireless         transceiver fitted internally.     -   An antenna 36.     -   Optionally, a battery-pack (38) to power these components. In         some instances the vehicle power system may be used to supply         power instead.     -   A mounting kit (not shown) to fit the above components to the         vehicle used to transport the harvester unit 28.

The process of recording is subject to a configuration procedure which can take place either before the RAUs 10 ore deployed or subsequent to deployment. The RAUs 10 are connected by means of a cable or by a wireless link to a computer from where operating parameters of the RAUs are configured. These parameters are the sample interval and working hours, and optionally amplifier gain (analogue only) and filter characteristics (that is, characteristics of filtering applied to the seismic signal before being recorded). The working hours parameter determines the times of day during which the RAU 10 acquired and records data from its sensors 12; at other times the RAU 10 enters a mode whereby power consumption is reduced to an absolute minimum. The other parameters rotate to the manner in which the seismic data is acquired from the sensors.

While the RAUs 10 are acquiring and recording data, they periodically switch on the internal wireless module 22 and search for a wireless access point which is transmitting a correct service set identifier. If no such transmitting access point is detected, the wireless module 22 is switched off for a certain period of time, after which a renewed search will take place. The length of time that the wireless module 22 is switched off is optimized in order to reduce the overall power consumption of the RAU 10, while maintaining an acceptable response time in the presence of a valid access point.

It will thus be seen that the RAUs 10 acquire seismic data during the configured working hours and store this data in non-volatile memory 16 together with associated timestamp information derived from timing means 18. This happens autonomously, without any communication with the central unit 26. The stored data is subsequently collected by the harvester unit 28 whenever the access point of the harvester unit 28 is identified by the RAU 10.

The above procedure allows the field crew to be able to retrieve recorded seismic data from the RAUs 10 by the method described below.

The seismic field crew is equipped with the harvester unit 28 of FIG. 3. The wireless access point 34 acts as a point-multipoint wireless access point compatible with the transceivers 22 in the RAUs 10, and transmits a service set identifier which the RAUs 10 will recognize as valid.

The field crew connects the harvester unit 28 to the central unit 26 from where the entire seismic operation, including control of the seismic sources is undertaken. The central unit 26 transfers a list to the computer 30 containing the precise start time, and number of samples, of every seismic record of interest to be recorded. This precise start time is hereafter referred to as the timebreak.

The field crew then proceeds across the prospect with the harvester unit 28, which establishes communications with RAUs 10 as it comes within wireless range of them. When a communications link is established, the harvester unit 28 transfers the timebreak and number of samples repaired for each record to the RAU 10, which then transmits the required recorded data to the harvester unit 28.

The method of the present embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 4.

The point-multipoint wireless access point 34 in the harvester unit 28 may communicate with multiple RAUs 10 simultaneously, limited by wireless transmission range, vegetation and topology; however, also limited by the harvester software which is configured wild a maximum limit of RAU connections to optimize the wireless data throughput.

The data throughput may be further optimized by the use of a lossless compression algorithm to reduce the actual amount of data transferred. Various forms of lossless data compression are well known and may be used here. However, a particularly suitable form of compression is described in WO03079039 (A2).

In the harvester unit 28, the data retrieved from the RAUs 10 is stored in the local bulk storage 32 such as a hard disk drive. After the harvester unit 28 has traversed the survey area, the harvested data is transferred to the central unit 26 by any suitable means, for example by transporting the harvester unit 28 to the central unit 26 and downloading via cable connection, or by downloading from the vehicle remotely to the central unit 26 over a wireless data connection.

In a modification, shown in FIG. 5, the harvester unit 28 is additionally provided with a radio link such as VHF or UHF transceiver 40 which is capable of effecting communication at a relatively low rate with the central control unit 26 (as indicated by dashed line in FIG. 1). As the harvester unit 28 is traversed across the survey terrain the seismic data is harvested and stored as before. In addition, however, the harvester unit 28 derives from the RAUs information which may be referred to as qualify control (QC) data and transmits this to the central control unit 26 in real time.

The QC information will typically be battery power level and the status of the RAU, plus optionally a GPS-derived position of the individual RAU. This will typically amount to a few kilobits of information, which can be transmitted over a simple VHF link in real time. The stains of the RAU will typically as a simple yes/no indication that the seismic sensor is working, for example that the correct number of geophone arc connected, or that a digital sensor has passed a built-in test sequence

This modification allows the central control unit to have very quickly some basic information about each of the RAUs, particularly the fact that it is operational and is acquiring seismic data. If the proportion of inoperative or defective RAUs exceeds a predetermined threshold, the relevant part of the seismic survey can be ignored or aborted without transferring and analysing large amounts of data.

The harvester unit 28 may be transported across the prospect by a number of different means, examples of which are given below.

-   -   1. Helicopter     -   2. Light aircraft, either manned or remote controlled (UAV).         Including microlight and other “experimental” aircraft     -   3. Un-tethered blimp, either remote controlled or piloted     -   4. Boat, including air-heats of the type typically used in         swamps and marshland     -   5. Hovercraft     -   6. Motor vehicle, including pickup truck, all-terrain vehicles         and quad bikes     -   7. Backpack for pedestrian use.

It will be noted that in the present invention the RAUs operate in an “autonomous” mode, and perform the functions of data capture, storage and forwarding without any interaction with a Central Control Unit, relying on preconfigured parameters for pre-amplifier gain, sample interval end ether relevant settings. In this mode, timing synchronisation is provided by a GPS receiver or a radio timing signal end thus also without any interaction with the Central Control Unit.

Point-multipoint transceivers suitable for use in the invention are known per se. The data transfer rate typically required between the RAU and the harvester unit 28 is 11 Mbits/sec, and an example of a suitable point-multipoint transceiver for this application is the Abicom Freedom CPE by Abicom International of Market Drayton, Shropshire.

The invention thus provides a method and system which minimises the labour involved in setting out a survey, makes retrieval of the seismic data more convenient, and can operate with relatively limited memory capacity in the RAUs owing to the ease of harvesting. 

1. A method for transferring data, between a central unit and plural remote acquisition units, by using a mobile harvester unit during a seismic survey, the method comprising: distributing the plural remote acquisition units over a survey area, wherein a remote acquisition unit is connected with a wire to one or more seismic sensors; recording with the one or more seismic sensors seismic data related to the survey area; storing the seismic data at the remote acquisition unit; traversing the survey area with the mobile harvester unit; wirelessly collecting at the mobile harvester unit quality control data from the remote acquisition unit, wherein the quality control data is different from the seismic data; and transmitting the quality control data from the mobile harvester unit to the central unit during the seismic survey.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving during a same pass, at the mobile harvester unit, the seismic data and the quality control data from a set of remote acquisition units.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the quality control data includes a battery power level, a seismic sensor status, and a location of the remote acquisition unit.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein locations of the remote acquisition units are determined by general positioning systems (GPSs) located inside the remote acquisition units.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the quality control data is used to determine whether to transfer the seismic data to the central unit.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on the quality control data, determining in the central unit if a proportion of inoperative or defective remote acquisition units exceeds a predetermined threshold; and ignoring seismic data corresponding to the inoperative or defective remote acquisition units.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on the quality control data, determining in the central unit if a proportion of inoperative or defective remote acquisition units exceeds a predetermined threshold; and instructing the mobile harvester unit to abort transferring seismic data corresponding to the inoperative or defective remote acquisition units.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting in real time the quality control data from the mobile harvester unit to the central unit.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: connecting the mobile harvester unit to the central unit; downloading from the central unit onto the mobile harvester unit a list including a start time and a number of samples of seismic records to be recorded by the plural remote acquisition units; traversing the survey area with the mobile harvester unit; and wirelessly transferring to the plural remote acquisition units the start time and the number of samples of seismic records to be recorded, wherein the start time indicates a time when the one or more seismic sensors must start to record the seismic data.
 10. A system for transferring data during a seismic survey, the system comprising: plural remote acquisition units distributed over a survey area and configured to record seismic data related to the survey area, a remote acquisition unit being connected with a wire to one or more seismic sensors; a mobile harvester unit that traverses the survey area and wirelessly collects quality control data from the plural remote acquisition units, wherein the quality control data is different from the seismic data; and a central unit that receives the quality control data from the mobile harvester unit during the seismic survey.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the quality control data includes battery power level, a seismic sensor status, and a location of the remote acquisition unit.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the location of the remote acquisition unit is determined by a general positioning system (GPS) located inside the remote acquisition unit.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the mobile harvester unit comprises: a wireless access point configured to receive the seismic data and the quality control data from the plural remote acquisition units; and a radio link configured to transmit the quality control data to the central unit during the seismic survey.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the wireless access point is configured to simultaneously receive the seismic data from a set of remote acquisition units.
 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the quality control data is used to determine whether to transfer the seismic data to the central unit.
 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the central unit is configured to determine if a proportion of inoperative or defective remote acquisition units exceed a predetermined threshold, and to ignore parts of the seismic data corresponding to the inoperative or defective remote acquisition units.
 17. The system of claim 10, wherein the central unit is configured to determine if a proportion of inoperative or defective remote acquisition units exceed a predetermined threshold, and to instruct the mobile harvester unit to abort transferring parts of the seismic data corresponding to the inoperative or defective remote acquisition units.
 18. The system of claim 10, wherein the quality control data is transmitted in real time between the central unit and the mobile harvester unit.
 19. The system of claim 10, wherein prior to collecting the seismic data, the mobile harvester unit is connected to the central unit, a list is downloaded from the central unit onto the mobile harvester unit, the list including a start time and a number of samples of seismic records to be recorded by the one or more seismic sensors, the mobile harvester unit traverses the survey area, and the mobile harvester unit wirelessly transfers the start time and the number of samples of seismic records to be recorded to the plural remote acquisition units, wherein the start time indicates a time when the one or more seismic sensors must start to record the seismic data.
 20. A method for transferring data, between a central unit and plural remote acquisition units, by using a mobile harvester unit during a seismic survey, the method comprising: connecting the mobile harvester unit to the central unit; downloading from the central unit onto the mobile harvester unit a list including a start time and a number of samples of seismic records to be collected by the plural remote acquisition units; traversing the survey area with the mobile harvester unit; wirelessly transferring the start time and the number of samples of seismic records to be recorded to the plural remote acquisition units; recording with one or more seismic sensors, attached with a wire to a remote acquisition unit, seismic data related to the survey area; transferring the seismic data and quality control data from the one or more seismic sensors to the remote acquisition unit; traversing again the survey area with the mobile harvester unit; wirelessly collecting at the mobile harvester unit quality control data from the remote acquisition unit, wherein the quality control data is different from the seismic data; and transmitting in real time the quality control data from the mobile harvester unit to the central unit during the seismic survey, wherein the start time indicates a time when the one or more seismic sensors must start to record the seismic data. 